Further information

Nitric oxide (NO) activates guanylate cyclase which increases the intracellular cGMP in the corpus cavernosum causing smooth muscle relaxation.

• Proper hydration can help reduce side effects like dizziness.
• Always inform your doctor about existing medical conditions.
• Dapoxetine is part of a treatment plan for premature ejaculation.
• Avoid fatty or heavy meals immediately before taking dapoxetine.
• Keep a diary of medication effects for discussion with your doctor.
• Combining dapoxetine with other depression medications can be risky.
• Do not stop medication without medical advice.

PDE-5 inhibitors act through increasing nitric oxide which causes relaxation of the smooth muscles of corpus cavernosum and the vas deferens and seminal-vesicles, also they reduce anxiety from sexual performance which is commonly associated with PE [Citation12]. According to several researches, using SSRIs and PDE-5 inhibitors together enhances sexual pleasure and boosts IELT when compared with taking SSRIs alone. PDE-5 may suppress the central sympathetic tone, which causes better erection and increased the time interval for ejaculation [Citation13]. This study aimed to compare the pharmacological effect assessed by IELT in men suffering from PE by using either dapoxetine alone, tadalafil alone, or their combination as a primary outcome and to evaluate the possible side effects of drug therapy as a secondary outcome.

Supplementary Information

The mean pretreatment and posttreatment IELT among groups were 57.8 ± 34.2 vs 204.4 ± 82 in group 1, 59.4 ± 32 vs 208.8 ± 65.1 in group 2, 56.1 ± 31 vs 269.9 ± 100.4 in group 3, and 54.6 ± 30.9 vs 259.3 ± 83.4 in group 4. They concluded that combination therapy (tadalafil with dapoxetine or paroxetine) was associated with better improvement in the IELT than mono-therapy. No significant differences were detected between the groups regarding the side effects except for headache and flushing which were significantly higher in the groups who received a combination therapy [Citation17]. This was a prospective, randomized work of patients who attended our andrology clinic with PE from May 2021 to September 2022. Patients were randomly allocated into three groups (using a block randomization strategy in Stata, version 13.1, Stata Corp, for Microsoft windows). Participants in group (A) received on- demand tadalafil 5 mg two hours before intercourse; Participants in group (B) received on- demand dapoxetin 30 mg two hours before intercourse; and Participants in group (C) received an on-demand combination of both tadalafil 5 mg and dapoxetin 30 mg two hours before intercourse.

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Each participant was instructed to engage in sexual activity 2–3 times per week. If an individual met the International Society for Sexual Medicine’s requirements which describes PE as ejaculation that always happens within a minute, following vaginal penetration during the initial sexual encounter (lifetime PE), or a substantial decline in IELT, often within less than 3 minutes (acquired PE), with detrimental personal effects, including anxiety, annoyance, and/or avoiding of sexual intimacy, PE was assumed to be present. All patients were evaluated by filling a detailed documented medical history including the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) 5- items questionnaires to exclude those with erectile-dysfunction [Citation14].

Post-operative advice

When comparing satisfaction scores before treatment and at the end of treatment (12 weeks posttreatment), there were highly statistically substantial variations in group A (1 ± 0.6 vs 3 ± 0.6; p < 0.001), group B (1 ± 0.7 vs 3.2 ± 0.6; p < 0.001), and group C (1.1 ± 0.8 vs 4.1 ± 0.8; p < 0.001) (). When comparing group C with either group A and group B, no significant variation was found (P = 0.821) in the mean pretreatment satisfaction scores (group A: 1 ± 0.6; group B: 1 ± 0.7; and group C: 1.1 ± 0.8; ). When comparing group C with either group A and group B, highly statistically substantial variations were found in the mean satisfaction scores at 4, 8, and 12 months posttreatment in favor of group C (P = < 0.001), also a highly statistically substantial variations were found in the mean Δ satisfaction scores in favor of group C (P < 0.001; ). Post hoc tests at 4, 8, and 12 weeks post-treatment revealed no statistically substantial variations in the mean satisfaction scores (P = 0.71, P = 1, P = 0.353 respectively) or Δ satisfaction scores (P = 0.011) among group A and group B. Highly statistically substantial variations were found among group A and group C and among group B and group C regarding satisfaction scores and Δ satisfaction in favor of group C (P < 0.001; ).

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No statistically substantial variations were found among groups regarding the side effects except for headache and flushing which were more prominent in group C (P = 0.036 and P < 0.001, respectively; ). Premature ejaculation leads to negative consequences on the partner’s life. Although the importance of this area of male sexual health, it is usually neglected [Citation16]. Our results showed that on-demand administration of tadalafil 5 mg or dapoxetine 30 mg was beneficial for treating PE, but improvement was better with a combination of both drugs. Patients were randomly assigned into 4 groups: dapoxetine was given to the first group, paroxetine to the second, and tadalafil with dapoxetine to the third, and the fourth received paroxetine combined with tadalafil for one month. All patients were instructed to report in a written diary the correct medication intake in their files. Inclusion criteria were heterosexually active men aged more than 20 years with PE (patients with type 1 or lifelong PE were not discriminated from those with acquired type) with IIEF > 22 and at least a three-months period in a stable sexual relationship preceding the research. Exclusion criteria were individuals with diabetes mellitus, chronic prostatitis, erectile dysfunction (IIEF <22), neurological disorders, penile implants or deformities, homosexual men and those who were taking medications for neurological or psychiatric disorders and non-compliant patients. Each patient received a comprehensive pretreatment evaluation that include medical history, clinical assessment, fasting blood glucose level, and hormonal profile (blood glucose and testosterone were measured in the early morning while the patient was fasting). Each patient was assessed with measurements of IELT using a stopwatch (held by the partner) at baseline and after treatment. A full explanation about the measurement of the ILET (beginning with intromission and ending with ejaculation) was done.

• Use of dapoxetine 5mg may require dose adjustment over time.
• Erectile function is unaffected directly by dapoxetine.
• If a dose is missed, take it as soon as remembered.
• Do not double doses to compensate for missed ones.
• Potential for abnormal bleeding exists; inform your doctor.
• Step-by-step adherence ensures safe and effective use.
• Medical consultation should occur before any change in regimen.

The Kim and Paick scale, which ranges from 0 to 5, while 0 denoting severe dissatisfaction and 5 denoting extreme pleasure, was used to evaluate sexual satisfaction in all participants prior to and following therapy [Citation15]. Patients were also advised to note any side effects following medication delivery in their follow-up sheets both during medication intake and at the end of treatment. Patients were followed up every month for three months.

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The local Ethics Committee approved the study.

• The medication’s effectiveness varies among individuals.
• Side effects tend to diminish over continued use.
• Some users might experience flushing or sweating.
• Alcohol can increase the likelihood of side effects.
• Dapoxetine does not protect against sexually transmitted infections.
• It is not a hormone or aphrodisiac.
• Always keep a list of all medications to avoid interactions.

The ethical approval code is: SVU-MED-URO 016-1-21-4-183. The study was performed according to the ethical declaration of Helsinki. Every participant signed a written statement of permission. The Statistical vardenafil with dapoxetine tablets Program for Social Science (SPSS) Version 24.0 was used for the statistical analysis. The mean and standard deviation (M ± SD) were used to represent quantitative data. The frequencies and percentages [n(%)] were used to convey qualitative data. Nonparametric data were compared using a Chi-squared (x2) test. When contrasting more than two means, a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was utilized if the data was normally distributed and Kruskal Wallis (KW) test was utilized if the data was not normally distributed.

The pharmacokinetic studies of dapoxetine

Each patient was assessed with measurements of IELT using a stopwatch (held by the partner) at baseline and after treatment. A full explanation about the measurement of the ILET (beginning with intromission and ending with ejaculation) was done. The Kim and Paick scale, which ranges from 0 to 5, while 0 denoting severe dissatisfaction and 5 denoting extreme pleasure, was used to evaluate sexual satisfaction in all participants prior to and following therapy [Citation15]. Patients were also advised to note any side effects following medication delivery in their follow-up sheets both during medication intake and at the end of treatment. Patients were followed up every month for three months.

A critical review of the mechanism of action for the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: do these drugs possess anti-inflammatory properties and how relevant is this in the treatment of depression?

The local Ethics Committee approved the study. The ethical approval code is: SVU-MED-URO 016-1-21-4-183. The study was performed according to the ethical declaration of Helsinki. Every participant signed a written statement of permission. The Statistical vardenafil with dapoxetine tablets Program for Social Science (SPSS) Version 24.0 was used for the statistical analysis.

Characterization of PLGA NPS

The mean and standard deviation (M ± SD) were used to represent quantitative data. The frequencies and percentages [n(%)] were used to convey qualitative data. Nonparametric data were compared using a Chi-squared (x2) test. When contrasting more than two means, a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was utilized if the data was normally distributed and Kruskal Wallis (KW) test was utilized if the data was not normally distributed. P values were considered statistically significant at P < 0.05. P values were considered statistically significant at P < 0.05. To determine the sample size using the G*Power Version 3.1.9.4, we used the IELT to detect a 60-second (1-minute) variation among groups A, B, and C (based on the previous studies). A standard deviation of 150 seconds (2.5 minutes) was used for the sample size calculation.

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To determine the sample size using the G*Power Version 3.1.9.4, we used the IELT to detect a 60-second (1-minute) variation among groups A, B, and C (based on the previous studies). A standard deviation of 150 seconds (2.5 minutes) was used for the sample size calculation. The Cohen’s d effect size was approximately estimated to be 0.4. Therefore, with an alpha of 0.05 using the ANOVA test, the enrollment of a total of 84 patients in each group will provide 90% power. The sample size was increased to compensate for any attrition bias.

Cardiovascular safety

We evaluated the eligibility of 385 patients for this research. After exclusions, 92 patients were included in group A and received tadalafil (5 mg) for 12-weeks period, 91 patients were included in Group B and received dapoxetine (30 mg) for 12-weeks period, and 89 patients were included in Group C and received tadalafil (5 mg) and dapoxetine (30 mg) together for 12-weeks period (). All patients reported the medication intake in their files with no dropouts but the needed time for drug intake (two hours before sexual intercourse) was not regularly respected by the patients. No statistically substantial variations were found before treatment among the three groups as regard age, BMI, smoking, fasting blood sugar, FSH, LH, testosterone, E2, and prolactin levels (). The mean of IELT in all the studied patients was 39.3 ± 10.5 seconds, median was 37 (31.25–46) seconds with minimum IELT of 25 seconds and maximum IELT of 65 seconds.

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When comparing IELT before treatment and at the end of treatment (12 weeks posttreatment), there were highly statistically substantial variations in group A (39.4 ± 10 sec. When comparing group C with either group A and group B, no significant variation was found (P = 0.580) for the mean pretreatment IELT measurements (group A: 39.4 ± 10 sec; group B: 40.8 ± 11.2 sec; and group C: 37.9 ± 10.9 sec; ). When comparing group C with either group A and group B, highly statistically substantial variations were found in the mean IELT at 4, 8, and 12 months posttreatment in favor of group C (P = < 0.001), also highly statistically substantial variations were found in the mean Δ IELT in favor of group C (P < 0.001; ). Post hoc tests at 4, 8, and 12 weeks posttreatment revealed no statistically substantial variations in the mean IELT (P = 0.346, P = 0.508, P = 0.442 respectively) or Δ IELT (P = 0.340) among group A and group B. Highly statistically substantial variations were found among group A and group C and among group B and group C regarding IELT and Δ IELT in favor of group C (P < 0.001; ). The Cohen’s d effect size was approximately estimated to be 0.4. Therefore, with an alpha of 0.05 using the ANOVA test, the enrollment of a total of 84 patients in each group will provide 90% power. The sample size was increased to compensate for any attrition bias. We evaluated the eligibility of 385 patients for this research. After exclusions, 92 patients were included in group A and received tadalafil (5 mg) for 12-weeks period, 91 patients were included in Group B and received dapoxetine (30 mg) for 12-weeks period, and 89 patients were included in Group C and received tadalafil (5 mg) and dapoxetine (30 mg) together for 12-weeks period ().

• Dapoxetine is designed to be taken just before sexual activity.
• It can improve spontaneity in sexual encounters.
• Patients should avoid sexual activity if side effects are severe.
• Report any unusual mood changes or suicidal thoughts.
• Dapoxetine is generally well-tolerated at recommended doses.
• Always follow healthcare provider guidance for dosage.
• Combining with recreational drugs can increase risks.

All patients reported the medication intake in their files with no dropouts but the needed time for drug intake (two hours before sexual intercourse) was not regularly respected by the patients. No statistically substantial variations were found before treatment among the three groups as regard age, BMI, smoking, fasting blood sugar, FSH, LH, testosterone, E2, and prolactin levels (). The mean of IELT in all the studied patients was 39.3 ± 10.5 seconds, median was 37 (31.25–46) seconds with minimum IELT of 25 seconds and maximum IELT of 65 seconds. When comparing IELT before treatment and at the end of treatment (12 weeks posttreatment), there were highly statistically substantial variations in group A (39.4 ± 10 sec. When comparing group C with either group A and group B, no significant variation was found (P = 0.580) for the mean pretreatment IELT measurements (group A: 39.4 ± 10 sec; group B: 40.8 ± 11.2 sec; and group C: 37.9 ± 10.9 sec; ). When comparing group C with either group A and group B, highly statistically substantial variations were found in the mean IELT at 4, 8, and 12 months posttreatment in favor of group C (P = < 0.001), also highly statistically substantial variations were found in the mean Δ IELT in favor of group C (P < 0.001; ). Post hoc tests at 4, 8, and 12 weeks posttreatment revealed no statistically substantial variations in the mean IELT (P = 0.346, P = 0.508, P = 0.442 respectively) or Δ IELT (P = 0.340) among group A and group B. Highly statistically substantial variations were found among group A and group C and among group B and group C regarding IELT and Δ IELT in favor of group C (P < 0.001; ). When comparing satisfaction scores before treatment and at the end of treatment (12 weeks posttreatment), there were highly statistically substantial variations in group A (1 ± 0.6 vs 3 ± 0.6; p < 0.001), group B (1 ± 0.7 vs 3.2 ± 0.6; p < 0.001), and group C (1.1 ± 0.8 vs 4.1 ± 0.8; p < 0.001) (). When comparing group C with either group A and group B, no significant variation was found (P = 0.821) in the mean pretreatment satisfaction scores (group A: 1 ± 0.6; group B: 1 ± 0.7; and group C: 1.1 ± 0.8; ).

Region	Typical Cost per Pack	Available Brands	Prescription Requirement
North America	$50 - $100	Dapoxetine brand names	Yes
Europe	€40 - €90	Generic options	Yes
Asia	$10 - $30	Various generics	Varies by country

When comparing group C with either group A and group B, highly statistically substantial variations were found in the mean satisfaction scores at 4, 8, and 12 months posttreatment in favor of group C (P = < 0.001), also a highly statistically substantial variations were found in the mean Δ satisfaction scores in favor of group C (P < 0.001; ). Post hoc tests at 4, 8, and 12 weeks post-treatment revealed no statistically substantial variations in the mean satisfaction scores (P = 0.71, P = 1, P = 0.353 respectively) or Δ satisfaction scores (P = 0.011) among group A and group B. Highly statistically substantial variations were found among group A and group C and among group B and group C regarding satisfaction scores and Δ satisfaction in favor of group C (P < 0.001; ). No statistically substantial variations were found among groups regarding the side effects except for headache and flushing which were more prominent in group C (P = 0.036 and P < 0.001, respectively; ). Premature ejaculation leads to negative consequences on the partner’s life. Although the importance of this area of male sexual health, it is usually neglected [Citation16]. Our results showed that on-demand administration of tadalafil 5 mg or dapoxetine 30 mg was beneficial for treating PE, but improvement was better with a combination of both drugs. Patients were randomly assigned into 4 groups: dapoxetine was given to the first group, paroxetine to the second, and tadalafil with dapoxetine to the third, and the fourth received paroxetine combined with tadalafil for one month. The mean pretreatment and posttreatment IELT among groups were 57.8 ± 34.2 vs 204.4 ± 82 in group 1, 59.4 ± 32 vs 208.8 ± 65.1 in group 2, 56.1 ± 31 vs 269.9 ± 100.4 in group 3, and 54.6 ± 30.9 vs 259.3 ± 83.4 in group 4.

Storage and disposal

Nitric oxide (NO) activates guanylate cyclase which increases the intracellular cGMP in the corpus cavernosum causing smooth muscle relaxation. PDE-5 inhibitors act through increasing nitric oxide which causes relaxation of the smooth muscles of corpus cavernosum and the vas deferens and seminal-vesicles, also they reduce anxiety from sexual performance which is commonly associated with PE [Citation12]. According to several researches, using SSRIs and PDE-5 inhibitors together enhances sexual pleasure and boosts IELT when compared with taking SSRIs alone. PDE-5 may suppress the central sympathetic tone, which causes better erection and increased the time interval for ejaculation [Citation13]. This study aimed to compare the pharmacological effect assessed by IELT in men suffering from PE by using either dapoxetine alone, tadalafil alone, or their combination as a primary outcome and to evaluate the possible side effects of drug therapy as a secondary outcome.

1. What is Dapoxetine Hydrochloride Tablets 30mg used for?

This was a prospective, randomized work of patients who attended our andrology clinic with PE from May 2021 to September 2022. Patients were randomly allocated into three groups (using a block randomization strategy in Stata, version 13.1, Stata Corp, for Microsoft windows). Participants in group (A) received on- demand tadalafil 5 mg two hours before intercourse; Participants in group (B) received on- demand dapoxetin 30 mg two hours before intercourse; and Participants in group (C) received an on-demand combination of both tadalafil 5 mg and dapoxetin 30 mg two hours before intercourse. Each participant was instructed to engage in sexual activity 2–3 times per week. If an individual met the International Society for Sexual Medicine’s requirements which describes PE as ejaculation that always happens within a minute, following vaginal penetration during the initial sexual encounter (lifetime PE), or a substantial decline in IELT, often within less than 3 minutes (acquired PE), with detrimental personal effects, including anxiety, annoyance, and/or avoiding of sexual intimacy, PE was assumed to be present.

Histopathological studies

All patients were evaluated by filling a detailed documented medical history including the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) 5- items questionnaires to exclude those with erectile-dysfunction [Citation14]. All patients were instructed to report in a written diary the correct medication intake in their files. Inclusion criteria were heterosexually active men aged more than 20 years with PE (patients with type 1 or lifelong PE were not discriminated from those with acquired type) with IIEF > 22 and at least a three-months period in a stable sexual relationship preceding the research. Exclusion criteria were individuals with diabetes mellitus, chronic prostatitis, erectile dysfunction (IIEF <22), neurological disorders, penile implants or deformities, homosexual men and those who were taking medications for neurological or psychiatric disorders and non-compliant patients. Each patient received a comprehensive pretreatment evaluation that include medical history, clinical assessment, fasting blood glucose level, and hormonal profile (blood glucose and testosterone were measured in the early morning while the patient was fasting). They concluded that combination therapy (tadalafil with dapoxetine or paroxetine) was associated with better improvement in the IELT than mono-therapy. No significant differences were detected between the groups regarding the side effects except for headache and flushing which were significantly higher in the groups who received a combination therapy [Citation17].